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Fgm
No health benefits* only harm
FGM has no health benefits* and it harms girls and women in many ways. It involves removing and damaging healthy and normal female genital tissue* and interferes with the natural functions of girls' and women's bodies.
Immediate complications can include severe pain* shock* hemorrhage (bleeding)* tetanus or sepsis (bacterial infection)* urine retention* open sores in the genital region and injury to nearby genital tissue.
Long-term consequences can include:
•recurrent bladder and urinary tract infections;
•cysts;
•infertility;
•an increased risk of childbirth complications and newborn deaths;
•the need for later surgeries. For example* the FGM procedure that seals or narrows a vaginal opening (type 3 above) needs to be cut open later to allow for sexual intercourse and childbirth. Sometimes it is stitched again several times* including after childbirth* hence the woman goes through repeated opening and closing procedures* further increasing and repeated both immediate and long-term risks.
Who is at risk?
Procedures are mostly carried out on young girls sometime between infancy and age 15* and occasionally on adult women. In Africa* about three million girls are at risk for FGM annually.
Between 100 to 140 million girls and women worldwide are living with the consequences of FGM. In Africa* about 92 million girls age 10 years and above are estimated to have undergone FGM.
The practice is most common in the western* eastern* and north-eastern regions of Africa* in some countries in Asia and the Middle East* and among certain immigrant communities in North America and Europe.
Cultural* religious and social causes
The causes of female genital mutilation include a mix of cultural* religious and social factors within families and communities.
•Where FGM is a social convention* the social pressure to conform to what others do and have been doing is a strong motivation to perpetuate the practice.
•FGM is often considered a necessary part of raising a girl properly* and a way to prepare her for adulthood and marriage.
•FGM is often motivated by beliefs about what is considered proper sexual behavior* linking procedures to premarital virginity and marital fidelity. FGM is in many communities believed to reduce a woman's libido* and thereby is further believed to help her resist "illicit" sexual acts. When a vaginal opening is covered or narrowed (type 3 above)* the fear of pain of opening it* and the fear that this will be found out* is expected to further discourage "illicit" sexual intercourse among women with this type of FGM.
•FGM is associated with cultural ideals of femininity and modesty* which include the notion that girls are “clean” and "beautiful" after removal of body parts that are considered "male" or "unclean".
•Though no religious scripts prescribe the practice* practitioners often believe the practice has religious support.
•Religious leaders take varying positions with regard to FGM: some promote it* some consider it irrelevant to religion* and others contribute to its elimination.
•Local structures of power and authority* such as community leaders* religious leaders* circumcisers* and even some medical personnel can contribute to upholding the practice.
•In most societies* FGM is considered a cultural tradition* which is often used as an argument for its continuation.
•In some societies* recent adoption of the practice is linked to copying the traditions of neighboring groups. Sometimes it has started as part of a wider religious or traditional revival movement.
•In some societies* FGM is being practiced by new groups when they move into areas where the local population practice FGM.
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